5264. George Thomasson
Notes for George Thomasson:
In September 1616 he became a bound apprentice for nine years to Henry Featherstone, Bookseller.
George became a member of the Stationer's Company in 1626 and engaged in the publishing and bookselling business. He became famous for his collection of the English Civil war Tracts and apart from the history surrounding the tracts, very little is known of his life.His will was proved 27 Apr 1666 with his son Henry and son-in-law, William Stonestreet, as executors. He asked to be buried as near as possible to the tomb of his wife, at St. Dunstan's in the West.
WILL OF GEORGE THOMASSON
from the Public Record Office Richmond, Surrey, UK
Documents Online: image ref. 209/191 cat. ref. PROB 11/320
www.documentsonline.pro.gov.uk
transcribed by Julie Shepherd, January, 2004 jez4jms@aol.co
The document is hand-written, apparently by a clerk of the period, as there are parts of other documents on the image all written in the same hand. There are few periods, commas or paragraphs so I did not edit them in. Underscores indicate words I could not decipher. ? before and after indicate the word I think is written. ^ indicates an insertion, the word being written in the margin with an insertion mark in the body of the text.
I, George Thomason Citizen and Stationer of London being in health of body and of sound and perfect mynde and memory Thanks be given to Almighty God yet considering the frailty of human ?condition? and the certainty of my departure out of this present life and likewise the ?uncertainty? of the day & hour when it shall please God to call for me out of it I so therefore make & declare this my personal last will and testament in writing in manner and forme following That is to ?say? First and principally I commend my soul into the hands of Almighty God that ____ it ____hoping & sincerely believing that by and through the only ____of his only begotten sonne my Savior Jesus Christ I shall be saved and after this short & transitory life ended be made p___with the holy Saints and Angels of his everlasting kingdom of Glory. And my body if ?commit? to the earth to by buryed in ?decent or devout? and ?seemly? manner at the discretion of my executors hereafter named. And if I dye within the citty of London or within Tenne miles thereof my desire is to be buryed in the South ?Ile? of Saint Dunstan in the west London as near to my Deare and only wife Katherine Thomason as ?reasonably? may be. And as touching that ?portion? of temporal estate, which God in his infinite mercy and goodness hath conferred upon me in this life I give and dispose thereof in manner and form following. That is to say I ____do give each of my executors my children grandchildren and servants living with me at my death mourning at my funeral and ____ (maybe knoe?) other And I do will that each other person that is invited and doth come to my funeral shall have there delivered one small volume which I have long since pakt up for that very purpose. And if there be any left undispersed of at my funeral my will is that my executors do distribute them amongst such of my friends and acquaintances as shall not be present at my funeral which are mentioned on a list written with my own hand where ever their habitations and in such convenient tyme after my funeral as may be. And my will also is that what other charge is ?usual? expended maynly upon funeralls be distributed amongst the poor of the parishes of Saint ?Faith? and St. Dunstan's in the west London. ____the ____at the ____ of my executors. And whereas I being a freeman of the City of London and a widower by the ?current? and laudable customs thereof my estate ought to be divided into three parts. Two parts whereof are in my owne disposition and the other third part ought to come to my children unprovided for. I do therefore after payment of my debts and funerall expenses according to that current and laudable custom do give and bequeath ^ unto my four younger children vizt Edward Grace Henry & Thomas one third parte the whole into three ^ equal parts to be divided of all my estate so: ____equally and proportionally part and parts alike: My eldest sonne George Thomason and my eldest daughter Katherine now wife of William Stonestreet being both advanced in marryiage have had and received from me liberal and plentyfull portions of my estate.And as touching the other two third parts The whole into three equal parts to be divided of my estate I give and bequeath those summes in manner and form following. That is to say I give & bequeath unto my said sonne George Thomason so many books of such quality as he shall ^______Personal of my stock of books as may be reasonably worth Tenne pounds to be sold in every year for the span of Tenne years next after my death. And I do will my executors to deliver the ?same or summes? unto him yearly and every year on the fowre and twentyth day of June in every year during the said span of Tenne years. The first delivery to be made on the fowre and twentyth day of June next after my death. And all the deliverys to be made at the dwelling house of my executor Henry Thomason wherever it shall be. I also give unto by said sonne George my Bible which I dayly used being ___ with a pair of ___, with two hands and a heart in the ___ and all the loose papers in that Bible. And I give unto my daughter Avis Thomason wife of the said George my books of Martyrs (1) in three volumes out of my library called my late deare wifes library. (2) I____I give and bequeath unto my said daughter Katherine Stonestreet as a testimony of my fatherly affection unto her____ of my said library Tenne volumes of books in Folio Twenty volumes of books in quatro and thirty volumes of books in Octavio (3) such as she shall make choise of ?except? books of Martyrs which I have given unto her formerly and the King Bible with ?Cutts? in it which was bound at ____which King Bible I give unto my grandsonne William Stonestreet for the ?cutts? ?sake? wherein he taketh much delight. And I also give unto my said grandson Tenne pounds in money to be bestowed on a piece of Plate for him thereby better to remember me. And my sonne George having ?received? a larger portion of my said late ^Deare wifes library already I do give and bequeath the remaynder of the said library unto and amongst my said children Edward Grace Henry and Thomas to be equally and proportionally divided amongst them parte and portion alike. That looking upon them they may remember to whom they did once belong hoping that they will make the better use of them for their presious and dear mothers sake. ?Then? I give and bequeath unto my daughter Grace Thomason her late dear Mothers watch and Ebony cabbinett and all the goods in it. And my best bed and ?furniture? I also give to my said daughter Grace six hundred pounds in money over and besides her customary part and other ?regards? before ?bequested? to her paid at the birth of her first child or within twelve months after her marriage(4) which shall first and next happen after my death. And to my sonne Thomas Thomason I give my greate Iron Chest. Then I do give and bequeathe the summe of forty shillings per Annum during so long tyme as my sonne Henry one of my executors hereunder named shall live to be by him paid unto two such able and orthodox Divines as he shall yearly make choyce of to preach two sermons yearly the ?one? in the parich Church of St. Dunstan's in the West upon Good Fryday in every year in commemoration of the sufferings of our Lord and blesed Savior for mankind. And the other to be preached at St. P_____Church in London upon the thirteenth day of August in every year in commemoration of the greate deliverance from the Spanish invasion in Anno Domini one thousand five hundred f___four and eight (note: the defeat of the Spanish Armada occured in 1588) ?a mercy? to this kingdom still be kept in the memory and never forgotten. Then I do will my executors to bestow the summe of Tenne pounds in ?one? handsome piece of Plate and to present it as my gift to the wor* Company of Haberdashers who have ever honored me with their love and solemn ____ Then I give to my servant John Durham if he shall still be living at my death ?five? pounds in money. And I desire my sonne Henry to ?accept? him into partnership of ?stocks and trade? with him for one half or one third if able to accomplish it. And all other my man servants and mayd servants that shall be living with me at my death I give forty shilllings a piese in money. And whereas I have a collection of Pamphlets and other papers and writings bound up with them of several volumes gathered by me in the tyme of the late wars and beginning the third day of November Anno Domini one thousand six hundred and forty and continued untill the ?happie? return and coronation of his most gracious Majestie King Charles the second upon which I put a very high esteem ?in? regard that it is so ?entire? a work and not to be paralleled and also of the long & ?greate paynes? industry? and charge that hath been taken and expended in & about the collection of them. Now I do give the said collection of pamphlets unto my personal friends Thomas Barlow Doctor of Divinity and now Provost Of Queens College in Oxon and Thomas ?L__ly? Doctor of Divinity and principal keeper of the Public Library in Oxon and John Rushworth of _____ ____ Esquire upon trust to be by them sold for the use and benefitt of my three sonnes Edward Henry and Thomas to be paid to them equally and proportionally parte and parte alike and I give to each of my said honored friends Doctor Barlow, Doctor ?L___ly? and Mr. John Rushworth forty shillings a piece money to buy each of them a ring to wear in rememberance of me. The ?rest? and ?residue? of my ___ money plate goods household stuffs and other Estate whatsoever I give and bequeath unto my three sonnes namely Edward Thomason, Henry Thomason and Thomas Thomason to be equally divided amongst them parte and portion alike. And of this my last will and testament I make and ?constitute? my said sonne Henry and my sonne in law William Stonestreet the full and sole executors commanding them to see it punctually performed according to my true meaning herein expressed. And I do desire my loving friends Mr. Anthony ?Dawse? Mr. ____ ?Farmer/ Farrier? and my cousin F___ Griffith to be overseers of this my last will and testament. And to be ayding and ___ing unto my executors in the execution thereof. And in token of my love unto them I give unto each of them forty shillings in money to buy each of them a ring to wear in rememberance of me. And my will and mynd is, and I do declare the same so to be that whatever legacies I shall give to any of my friends & ?organisations? by any codicill written with my own hand and annexed to this my will shall be taken as parte of this Testament contayned in seven sheets or leaves of paper subscribed my name to every sheet and prefixed my seale to the toppe and laste sheets this one & twentieth day of November Anno Domini 1664
(sentence in latin)
George Thomason
Signed sealed published and declared by the Testator as and for his last will & testament on the day of this date aforesaid in the presence of us. Richard Farmer George Jones John ?Stourton?
Now not knowing how my estate may fall out after my death attending to my will lately made, in case it should fall short Then I do give to my ^ two deare children, my daughter Grace Thomason and my sonne Thomason that full summe of money that my collection of pamphletts shall be sold for to be equally divided betwixt them both both for their advancement, which collection is in the hands of Doctor Thomas Barlow Provost of Queens Colledge in Oxford who is now in ?treaty? _about them for the publique Library with me and and I doubt not but near a conclusion which being concluded then shall I ____and desire my good friend Mr. Matt Goodfellow to be assistant to my sonne his servant in that particular, which I have no cause to doubt of. George Thomason
January 20th 1664 Signed and sealed in the presence of John Durham William Fletcher
A Codicill
I have made my last will and Testament bearing date the one and trentieth day of November Anno Domini 1664 I do by this Codicill constitute and make my sonne Thomas Thomasson another executor to be added to his brother Henry Thomasson and his Brother-in-law William Stonestreet. I also ____ my loving friend Mr. Goodfellow "his/has? Mr" to be another overseer of this my last will, a person of whose integritie and fidelity I am well assured of. My Iron Chest and all that is in it I bequeath to my dear sonne Thomas. That legacie to the company of Stationers I give under condition that they take into their hands. and discharge me of the rent of the five bigger warehouses I hold of them by lease at Stationer's Hall. And as for the six hundred pounds in money bequeathed to my deare daughter Grace if the customary parte fall short as I fear it may then that ?like? summe be paid to her out of that money which the pamphletts shall be sold for. And the like summe of six hundred pounds ?issuing? out of the sale of those Pamphletts I bequeath to my deare sonne Thomas now made one of my executors. And the remainder thereof to my sonne Henry and his brother Edward with the blessings of Almighty God upon them all. May the two and twentieth in the year of our Lord 1665 George Thomason
note: the dates as transcribed are correct as written in the record i.e. 21 November 1664 for the original will, 20 January 1664 for the addendum, and 22 May 1665 for the Codicil. I assume the addendum should have been written 1665.Probatum: in Latin, including the names and date in order: Thoma Reade ____ Doctor Surragato venerabilis, William Musick/Movick, sextimo dia ?monsia? Aprilis Anno Domoni millimo sexcenttisimo sexagesimo sexto (6th day of April one thousand six hundred sixty six) William Stonestreet Henrie Thomason Thoma Thomason
____________________________________(1) probably Foxes Book of Martyrs, printed in 3 volumes
(2) Katherine Thomason disposed of books in her will
(3) referring to page and/or book sizes wherein a sheet is folded and cut to produce a number of pages: folio=has the sheet folded once; quarto=sheet folded to make 4 pages; octave=sheet folded to make eight pages
(4) will of Grace Thomason (from Public Records Office, England says "spinster of Clapham, Surrey" d. 16 Sept. 1671
More About George Thomasson:
Burial: St. Dunstan's In The WestNotes for Katherine Hutton:
John Milton"s Sonnet 14 was written to honor Katherine Hutton. He noted it as "On the Religious Memory of Catherine Thomson, my Christian Friend, deceased 16 Decemb., 1646"Sonnet 14
When Faith and Love which parted from thee never,
Had ripen'd thy just soul to dwell with God,
Meekly thou didst resign this earthy load
Of Death, Call'd Life; which us from Life doth sever
Thy Works and Alms and all thy good Endeavour
Staid not behind, nor in the grave were trod;
But as Faith pointed with her golden rod,
Follow'd thee up to joy and bliss for ever.
Love led them on, and Faith who knew then best
Thy hand-maids, clad them o're with purple beams
And azure wings, that up they flew so drest,
And speak the truth of thee on glorious Theams
Before the Judge, who thenceforth bid the rest
And drink thy fill of pure immortal streams.
5265. Katherine Hutton
Notes for Katherine Hutton:
John Milton"s Sonnet 14 was written to honor Katherine Hutton. He noted it as "On the Religious Memory of Catherine Thomson, my Christian Friend, deceased 16 Decemb., 1646"Sonnet 14
When Faith and Love which parted from thee never,
Had ripen'd thy just soul to dwell with God,
Meekly thou didst resign this earthy load
Of Death, Call'd Life; which us from Life doth sever
Thy Works and Alms and all thy good Endeavour
Staid not behind, nor in the grave were trod;
But as Faith pointed with her golden rod,
Follow'd thee up to joy and bliss for ever.
Love led them on, and Faith who knew then best
Thy hand-maids, clad them o're with purple beams
And azure wings, that up they flew so drest,
And speak the truth of thee on glorious Theams
Before the Judge, who thenceforth bid the rest
And drink thy fill of pure immortal streams.
5696. Simon Newcomb
Simon Newcomb, 1665-1744
At the time of his birth, parents may have been living on one of the islands called "Isles of Shoals," a few miles from Kittery and Portmouth. The first four years of his life were spent on what was then called Hog Island or Appledore, the most picturesque of the Shoals. After he was eight, the family moved to Edgartown, on Marths's Vineyard. They later moved to Lebanon, CT.
Owned considerable property in and around Sagadahock, ME
He owned several shares of land on the Island of Chappaquiddick where he kept large numbers of cattle and sheep.
Received several shares of land in Edgartown, MA. Lived for many years where he must have been in full view of the blue Atlantic.
Numerous other land holdings.
Served as a member of various committees in town affairs.
5698. Lieutenant Thomas Bradford
Thomas received from his Uncle John his home lot and his father's lands—both in Norwich. He resided in Norwich, Montville, and Salem. In 1691 he sold Simon Huntington his home lot with dewlling and patture of 8 1/2 acres. He moved to the west side of Mehantick Bay. His homw was near Salen, a section of New London
5732. Henry Sampson
Henry Samson (Sampson) came as a sixteen year old boy on the Mayflower, under the care of his aunt and uncle Edward and Ann (Cooper) Tilley.
He was one of the Purchasers and over the years received generous land grants
Henry volunteered and fought in the Pequot War of 1637, and during his life took on several civil positions including constable of Duxbury, property surveyor and tax collector.
His will included "one cow, table and benches, harness and plow irons, three wheels, lumber, corn, Armes wearing clothes, and Library."
His line has been traced to several Barons and Lords, including Wido de Reinbudcourt (born about 1040 AD), who was a Domesday governor under William the Conqueror, King of England and Duke of Normandy.
HENRY SAMSON
ORIGIN: Henlow, Bedfordshire MIGRATION: 1620 on Mayflower FIRST RESIDENCE: Plymouth REMOVES: Duxbury FREEMAN: In the "1633" Plymouth list of freemen Henry Samson appears immediately after two men admitted on 5 January 1635/6, and before a man admitted on 2 March 1635/6 [PCR <javascript:APop(p30710,140,168);> 1:4]. In the 7 March 1636/7 list of freemen [PCR <javascript:APop(p30710,140,168);> 1:53]. In the Duxbury section of the Plymouth Colony lists of 1639, 1658 and 29 May 1670 [PCR <javascript:APop(p30710,140,168);> 5:275, 8:175, 198]. EDUCATION: He signed his will and his deeds by mark. His inventory included "arms, wearing clothes and library" valued at £4 10s. OFFICES: Grand jury, 1 June 1641, 6 June 1649, 4 June 1650, 2 October 1650, 7 June 1659, 1 June 1663 [PCR <javascript:APop(p30710,140,168);> 2:16, 140, 155, 162, 3:162, 4:37]. Jury, 5 November 1644, 4 June 1645, 7 July 1646, 7 June 1649, 7 October 1651, 2 March 1651/2, 5 October 1652, 7 March 1653/4, 4 October 1655, 3 March 1662/3, 25 October 1668, 29 October 1670 [PCR <javascript:APop(p30710,140,168);> 7:38, 41, 42, 46, 56, 58, 62, 70, 75, 108, 150, 163]. Arbitor, 2 May 1648, 4 October 1648 [PCR <javascript:APop(p30710,140,168);> 2:122, 135]. Surveyor, 29 October 1649, 10 June 1650 [PCR <javascript:APop(p30710,140,168);> 2:147, 160]. Coroner's jury, 8 December 1669 on the body of John Paybody [PCR <javascript:APop(p30710,140,168);> 5:29]. Duxbury constable, 4 June 1661 [PCR <javascript:APop(p30710,140,168);> 3:215]. Tax collector, 5 June 1667, 3 June 1668 [PCR <javascript:APop(p30710,140,168);> 4:150, 183]. On 7 June 1637 he was one of those willing to serve as a soldier with Mr. Prence [PCR <javascript:APop(p30710,140,168);> 1:61]. In the Duxbury section of the 1643 Plymouth Colony list of men able to bear arms [PCR <javascript:APop(p30710,140,168);> 8:189]. ESTATE: In the 1623 Plymouth division of land "Henerie Samson" received one acre as a passenger on the Mayflower [PCR <javascript:APop(p30710,140,168);> 12:4]. In the 1627 Plymouth division of cattle "Henri Samson" is the fifth person in the fifth company [PCR <javascript:APop(p30710,140,168);> 12:10]. On 1 January 1637/8 Henry Samson received a grant of the "overplus on the south side of the lands besides Henry Howland's three shares" [PCR <javascript:APop(p30710,140,168);> 1:72]. On 6 April 1640 he was granted the common lying at the head of his lot [PCR <javascript:APop(p30710,140,168);> 1:144]. On 2 November 1640 at the North River Henry Samson received fifty acres with some meadow [PCR <javascript:APop(p30710,140,168);> 1:165] He purchased land from Capt. Miles Standish before 26 October 1647 [PCR <javascript:APop(p30710,140,168);> 2:119]. On 27 October 1647 Ephraim Tinkham and Mary his wife sold to "Henry Sampson of Duxborough" one-third part of a lot that had belonged to Peter Browne in Duxbury [PCR <javascript:APop(p30710,140,168);> 12:146]. He was one of the fifty-eight purchasers [PCR <javascript:APop(p30710,140,168);> 2:177]. On 3 October 1662 and 8 June 1664 he was one of the men allowed to look for lands [PCR <javascript:APop(p30710,140,168);> 4:27, 67]. On 7 June 1665 he was on the list of those with lands granted to them on the westerly side of Namasskett River "for his children" [PCR <javascript:APop(p30710,140,168);> 4:94, 5:5]. On 2 July 1667 Henry Samson was granted liberty to "look out land to accommodate his children" [PCR <javascript:APop(p30710,140,168);> 4:160]. On 24 December 1668 "Henery Samson" of Duxbury sold to Edward Gray of Plymouth Lot #19 at Namassakett [PCLR <javascript:APop(p30733,120,144);> 3:237]. On 17 April 1682 Henry Samson of Duxbury, yeoman, sold to Seth Pope of Dartmouth, cooper, "all that my seven acres of meadowland which was my interest in the undivided meadows at Cokesett" in Dartmouth [PCLR <javascript:APop(p30733,120,144);> 5:207]. On 18 December 1684 Henry Samson of Duxbury, yeoman, sold to Joseph Russell of Dartmouth, husbandman, "all that my fifty acres of upland" in Dartmouth, with four acres and a half of meadow adjoining, with "one-eighth part of one whole share of undivided land excepting 25 acres and one-thirtieth part of undivided land already sold out of the said eighth part of undivided lands" [PCLR <javascript:APop(p30733,120,144);> 5:292]. In his will, dated 24 December 1684 and proved 5 March 1684/5, "Henery Sampson of Duxburrow" bequeathed to "my son Stephen one-third part of my whole purchase of land lying and being in the township of Dartmouth"; to "my son John one-thirds of my whole purchase of lands lying and being within the township of Dartmouth"; to "my son James the remaining part of the other third of my land lying within the township of Dartmouth" (part of this third having been sold to Joseph Russell, the proceeds of which went to James); to "my son James one shilling"; to "my son Caleb one shilling"; to "my daughter now the wife of Roberd Sprout one shilling"; to "my daughter Hannah now the wife of Josias Holmes one shilling"; to "my daughter now the wife of John Hanmore ten shillings"; to "Mary my daughter now the wife of John Summers one shilling"; to "my daughter Dorcas now the wife of Thomas Bony one shilling"; son Stephen to be executor; "my trusty and honored friend Mr. Wiswall" to be overseer [MD <javascript:APop(p30736,100,120);> 2:142-43, citing PCPR <javascript:APop(p30737,90,108);> 4:2:94-95]. The inventory of the "estate of the late deceased Henery Sampson of Duxberrow" was taken 24 February 1684/5 and totalled £106 14s., including "land in Dartmouth" valued at £70 [MD <javascript:APop(p30736,100,120);> 2:143-44, citing PCPR <javascript:APop(p30737,90,108);> 4:2:95]. BIRTH: Baptized Henlow, Bedfordshire, 15 January 1603/4, son of James and Martha (Cooper) Samson [TAG <javascript:APop(p30740,90,108);> 52:207]. DEATH: Duxbury between 24 December 1684 (date of will) and 5 March 1684/5 (probate of will). MARRIAGE: Plymouth 6 February 1635/6 ANNE PLUMMER [PCR <javascript:APop(p30710,140,168);> 1:36]. She died after 24 December 1668 [PCLR <javascript:APop(p30733,120,144);> 3:237] and before 24 December 1684 (date of husband's will). CHILDREN:
i STEPHEN, b. say 1638; m. by 1686 Elizabeth _____ (eldest child, son Benjamin, d. Kingston 19 April 1758 in 72nd year) [MFIP <javascript:APop(p30743,90,108);> Samson 10-11, 27].ii JOHN, b. say 1640; d. between 1702 and 1718, unmarried [TAG <javascript:APop(p30740,90,108);> 28:5].
iii ELIZABETH, b. say 1642; m. by 1662 Robert Sprout (eldest child b. Scituate 15 July 1662).
iv JAMES, b. say 1644; m. by 1679 Hannah (_____) Wait, widow of Samuel Wait [MFIP <javascript:APop(p30743,90,108);> Samson 9-10].
v HANNAH, b. say 1646; m. Duxbury 20 March 1665[/6?] Josiah Holmes.
vi Daughter, b. say 1648; m. by 1682 (but probably some years earlier) John Hanmore [MFIP <javascript:APop(p30743,90,108);> Samson 7].
vii MARY, b. say 1650; m. by 1684 (but probably some years earlier) John Summers [MFIP <javascript:APop(p30743,90,108);> Samson 7-8].
viii DORCAS, b. say 1652; m. by 1684 (but probably some years earlier) Thomas Bonney [MFIP <javascript:APop(p30743,90,108);> Samson 8-9].
ix CALEB, b. say 1654; m. (1) by about 1686 Mercy Standish, daughter of Alexander Standish (eldest child b. about 1686 [MFIP <javascript:APop(p30749,90,108);>Samson 27]; in his will of 21 February 1701/2 Alexander Standish made a bequest to "Mercy Samson the wife of Caleb Samson" [MD <javascript:APop(p30736,100,120);> 12:101, citing PPR <javascript:APop(p30751,100,120);>1:362]); m. (2) Duxbury 30 January 1728/9 Rebecca (Bartlett) (Bradford) Stanford, daughter of Benjamin Bartlett and widow of William Bradford and Robert Stanford [MFIP <javascript:APop(p30743,90,108);> Samson 11].
5734. John Sprague
Massasoit, the chief of the Wampanoag Indians, had been a great friend of the Plymouth colonists. But the colonists treated his two sons, Alexander (Wamsutta) and Philip (Metacomet), unfairingly. After Philip became chief in 1662, he began plotting against the colonists, because he felt that his people could survive only by driving the white men out. In June 1675, he led an attack on Swansea, MA. During the next year, both sides raided villages and massacred hundreds of victims. The colonists captured Philip's wife and son and sold them into slavery. New England troops finally trapped Philip in a swamp near South Kingston, RI. They defeated the Indians and killed Philip in August 1676. King Philip's war dragged on for two more years and proved extremely costly to New England. The Indians killed more than 1,000 colonists, and completely destroyed 12 towns.